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[Debora N. Gunawan is a Doctor of Juridical Science (S.J.D.) student at University of Michigan Law School] The Indonesian government’s response to the August 2025 protests should not be dismissed as mere “excessive force” or even as cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment, it amounts to torture under the Convention against Torture (CAT). This post argues that the crackdown satisfies CAT’s four...

[Davit Khachatyan is an international lawyer and lecturer, teaching international law, arbitration, and investment law at the Russian-Armenian University and the American University of Armenia] Armenia’s national symbols have long included Mount Ararat, a symbol of cultural and historical significance to Armenians, despite lying just across the border in Turkey. Ararat appears at the center of Armenia’s coat of arms and...

[Winona Xu teaches international law and reproductive health at UCLA] Introduction As of September 15, 2025, eight weeks after Israel’s Operation Rising Lion (June 13) and the U.S. companion strikes (Operation Midnight Hammer, June 21–22) on Fordow, Natanz, and Isfahan, the immediate legal question has fused with an acute non‑proliferation and nuclear‑safety crisis. The IAEA still cannot verify the fate of Iran’s...

[Illia Chernohorenko served as Director-General for the Rule of Law Directorate at the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine, consulted the President of Ukraine on legal reform, and worked at the Supreme Court, representing it in the ECtHR’s Superior Courts Network. He is currently a research resident at the Bonavero Institute of Human Rights, Oxford, pursuing a DPhil on repurposing state...

[Digvijay Rewatkar is an LLM candidate at Harvard Law School and an international lawyer with seven years of experience. The views expressed here are those of the author and do not reflect the views of his affiliations. This post was drafted before he commenced his course at Harvard Law School.] Fortunately or unfortunately, depending on the readers’ vantage point, the seabed...

[Digvijay Rewatkar is an LLM candidate at Harvard Law School and an international lawyer with seven years of experience. The views expressed here are those of the author and do not reflect the views of his affiliations. This post was drafted before he commenced his course at Harvard Law School.] The Advisory Opinion (AO) of the International Court of Justice (ICJ)...

[Monica Iyer is an Assistant Professor of law at the Georgia State University College of Law] Climate change-related migration is an issue very much in the public mind, and the question of whether it is legal to send someone back (or refoule them) to a place where they might face human rights harms because of climate change has become a key...

[David W. Patterson is a PhD candidate at the Groningen Centre for Health Law, Faculty of Law, University of Groningen, and a coordinator of the Human Rights and the Climate Crisis Working Group of the Netherlands Network for Human Rights Research.  Benjamin Mason Meier is a Professor of global health policy at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and...

[Dr. Fabián Cárdenas is a Professor of international environmental law at Pontificia Universidad Javeriana] The decision of 23 July 2025, issued by the International Court of Justice (ICJ), displays the progressive yet cautious trend recently adopted by this traditionally orthodox tribunal. With the banners of climate change, the Court, also carry the flag of the progressive development of international law, providing...

[Dr. Fabián Cárdenas is a Professor of international environmental law at Pontificia Universidad Javeriana] The Advisory Opinion (AO) issued by the International Court of Justice (ICJ) on 23 July 2025 portrays the progressive, yet cautious, trend recently adopted by this traditionally orthodox tribunal. With the banners of climate change, the Court also carries the flag of the progressive development of international...

[María José Alarcón Santillán is an international lawyer and S.J.D. candidate at GW Law, serves as Counsel in the ICJ Advisory Opinion on Climate Change, is a CISDL Fellow, and Regional Co-leader at the Sabin Center for Climate Change Law. She has advised states on cases before the ICJ, ICSID, ITLOS, and the PCA. Erick Guapizaca is an S.J.D. candidate...

[Alyssa Yamamoto is the Senior Legal & Policy Advisor at the Atlantic Council Strategic Litigation Project, a Legal Advisor with the End Gender Apartheid Campaign, and a Visiting Fellow with the University of Minnesota Law School's Human Rights Center. Professor Fionnuala Ní Aoláin KC (Hons) is a Regents Professor and Robina Professor in law, public policy and society at the University of Minnesota...