...own territory. From a factual standpoint, both the organization and intensity criteria have periodically approached the IHL threshold. Major cartels—such as the Cártel de Sinaloa, Cártel Jalisco Nueva Generación (CJNG), and Los Zetas—possess clear command hierarchies, internal discipline, and the logistical capacity to conduct sustained military-style operations. Their arsenals include assault rifles, explosives, armored vehicles, and weaponized
drones, while their recruitment structures, financing channels, and territorial control exhibit a degree of institutionalization that far exceeds ordinary criminality. Episodes such as the prolonged Ciudad Mier clashes in Tamaulipas (2010–2012), the Tanhuato...