Search: Symposium on the Functional Approach to the Law of Occupation

hearings to denounce the use of foreign and international law in interpreting the U.S. Constitution. I’d expect Elena Kagan to get similar questions when her nomination comes before the Senate this summer. But, in Abbott the Court ignores this controversy, and thereby suggests its limited only to the use of foreign law in interpreting the Constitution. Indeed, every member of the Court in this case–in both the majority and the dissent–end up citing and relying on foreign law as a significant part of their analysis of whether the ne exeat...

[Chimène Keitner is Professor of Law, University of California Hastings College of the Law.] The Kiobel majority concludes that the plaintiffs in that case impermissibly sought to extend a U.S. cause of action to foreign conduct by foreign companies against foreign victims (even though the victims subsequently became lawful U.S. residents). It dismisses the historical practice of allowing suits for transitory torts (which I have explored in more detail here) by reasoning that the cause of action in ATS cases comes from U.S. law, not foreign or international law (the...

also speaks volumes to the neocons’ stance toward international law. Then there is Senator-elect Tom Cotton. As Heilbrunn notes,”Perhaps no one has been more impassioned in their support of the foreign policy of George W Bush than Tom Cotton.” Cotton, 37 years old, is the neocon wet dream. After Harvard College (where he wrote for the Crimson, citing intellectual idols Allan Bloom and Leo Strauss) and Harvard Law School, Cotton signed up for the military insisting that he be sent into combat in Iraq. While, as the legend goes, the...

...Bush approach", or identified as the specific locus of much of the legal criticism received by the Administration. Indeed, under this account, the curative role played by this criticism is accepted so readily that it is almost as if the Bush Administration never had a differing original approach before the roll-backs took place. Well done Julian, for this impressive sleight of hand! After all, it makes so much sense to view the roll played by the courts, OLC and Justice lawyers, public opinion, and cooler minds in the Administration -...

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Article 2 (4) recognize ‘shades of grey’ and options for development. There may thus more agreement than divide. In my view, Koh takes a shortcut by criticizing international lawyers for having ‘become more comfortable stating rules than in figuring out how international law might help to push unfolding events towards the right resolution’. The roots of the controversy lie deeper. Koh’s position is based on a specific approach towards international law. His argument is based on the premise that international law is an instrument of problem-solving and a tool to...

news cycle to ‘exceptions’ precluding the immunity of Al-Assad and his cronies in front of French courts must be heavily nuanced. To posit the existence of a universal ‘exception’ to the immunity enjoyed by high-ranking officials would oversimplify the intricate nature of this legal principle. This is because the law on the immunity of a state agent’s office (immunity ratione personae), and the law on the acts of a state agent within the course of their functions (immunity ratione materiae) have been subject to two very distinct evolutionary arcs. The...

Under any view, the privilege of combatancy is key to the basic architecture of the law of war. It stands at the fault line between domestic criminal law and International Humanitarian Law, between impermissible killing and lawful belligerency. Simply put, the privilege of combatancy transforms, almost magically, what would otherwise be an unlawful act of murder into a lawful killing consistent with jus in bello. How does this transformation happen? However it happens, it is a powerful legal mechanism, and one whose exact contours demand definition and clarity. The privilege...

[Noëlle Quénivet is Professor in International Law at the Bristol Law School of the University of West of England (UK). She holds a LLM in International Human Rights Law from the University of Nottingham and a PhD in Law from the University of Essex] When the Council of Europe and Ukraine signed an agreement on 25 June 2025 establishing the Special Tribunal for the Crime of Aggression against Ukraine (STCoA), many hoped it would sweep aside both the functional and personal immunities of the Russian and Belarusian “Troikas” (the Head...

outcasting as a form of enforcement enunciates more than a narrow functionalism – it elicits broader questions of who is the community and what are its values and demonstrates that such values are not necessarily homogeneously shared or universal. If we accept this account, then perhaps we can say that Hathaway and Shapiro are correct primarily in a functional sense that international law does not rob states of their sovereignty. However, in the broader sense I have used the term outcast, one can raise doubt that international law does not...

in cases against states. Finally, there is strong support in the case law for the courts’ power to develop federal common law of foreign official immunity: this is the approach the Court has taken in the Act of State context which is quite similar to immunity, and it is especially appropriate to ensure that Congress’s goals in FSIA are realized, as the Court reasoned with respect to the Federal Tort Claims Act in the Boyle case. There are many issues I have not addressed in this post, including international law...

[Oliver Windridge is a British lawyer specialising in international criminal and human rights law. The views expressed herein are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations or any other organisations affiliated to the author.] Last week saw the discontinuation of alleged Bahraini torture survivor FF’s judicial review of the Director of Public Prosecutions for England and Wales (DPP) decision not to authorise a criminal investigation into the alleged involvement of Prince Nasser bin Hamad Al Khalifa, the son of the King of...