while acknowledging that the reflection needs to be continued, not least in the light of the future experience in fighting oligarchic influence.” (Opinion CDL-AD(2023)018, para. 24) Furthermore, the Commission distinguished between two
approaches to de-oligarchization: the “systemic” and the “personal”
approaches. The systemic
approach encompasses an array of legal tools in many fields of
law, including antitrust, taxation, anti-monopoly to political parties, elections and media legislation. This is the
approach currently favored by the Commission. The personal
approach, by contrast, seeks to identify the people who are viewed as exerting...