...jus ad bellum -- a point made in 19 J. Trnasnat'l L. & Pol'y 237, 270-71 (2010). As that writing notes, a state is not always at war when a state uses force in self-defense in the territory of another state merely against non-state actor armed attackers. Quondam Cardozan Internet attacks are basically sabotage, not direct attacks. I'm sure that there's doctrine differentiating the two in
terms of the level of licit response under proportionality, but a quick
search of Google Books turned up nothing. Might be an interesting question....
19.09.12
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Chris Borgen
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