...State for the implementation of its recommendations. Should a government be
unwilling to implement recommendations, then this would have dire consequences for the effectiveness of the NPM. States may have incentive to reduce independence and effectiveness of their NPM if they are not serious about torture prevention. Many strategies to influence NPMs exist, but one stands out, because it is in clear contradiction of OPCAT. Yet, Western liberal democracies, arguably the gold standard for human rights, repeatedly chose this model: In Italy, Switzerland, and the Netherlands, the NPM is an...