In my previous post, I explained how ILOAT has always applied the "beyond a reasonable doubt" standard of proof in cases involving alleged misconduct by individuals subject to the Tribunal's jurisdiction. In this post I want to discuss four ILOAT judgments that specifically involved individuals terminated by the ICC. As you will see, in each and every one ILOAT held...
[Natasa Mavronicola is a Professor of Human Rights Law at Birmingham Law School, University of Birmingham; co-editor of Coercive Human Rights: Positive Duties to Mobilise the Criminal Law under the ECHR (Hart 2020); author of Torture, Inhumanity and Degradation under Article 3 of the ECHR: Absolute Rights and Absolute Wrongs (Hart 2021). Mattia Pinto is a lecturer at York Law...
[Pablo Gavira-Díaz is a Spanish lawyer specializing in international humanitarian law and international criminal law. He holds a PhD in public international law from the University of Kiel and currently works as a Project Officer at the International Nuremberg Principles Academy] Introduction The Taliban returned to power in Afghanistan in August 2021 following the withdrawal of U.S. forces and other allies from...
[Andreina Nicoletti is a PhD candidate at the Centre d’études internationales et européennes (CEIE), at the University of Strasbourg. Her research focuses on the institution, the use and the effects of the veto power by the permanent members (P5) of the United Nations Security Council] On the early morning of January 3, 2026, Nicolás Maduro Moros and his wife Cilia Flores...
[Quazi Omar Foysal is a Bangladeshi-qualified international lawyer, currently pursuing PhD at La Trobe University, Australia] Following the fall of the authoritarian regime of Sheikh Hasina on 5 August 2024, the interim government had three options to pursue accountability for the atrocious crimes that preceded that development. These included referral to the International Criminal Court (ICC), the establishment of an ad...
[Muhammad Tanvir Hashem Munim is a Barrister of Lincoln’s Inn, a Counsel of the International Criminal Court, an Advocate of the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of Bangladesh, and a defence counsel at the International Crimes Tribunal – Bangladesh (ICT-BD). He is a Lecturer on the Bar Training Course at the University of the West of England (UWE) Bristol] Introduction It’s...
[Victor Kattan is an Assistant Professor in Public International Law at the University of Nottingham School of Law] Benjamin Netanyahu, the Prime Minister of the State of Israel, is the first Western leader to have an international arrest warrant issued against him from the International Criminal Court (ICC). In fact, it is the first time any Western leader has ever had...
[Noëlle Quénivet is Professor in International Law at the Bristol Law School of the University of West of England (UK). She holds a LLM in International Human Rights Law from the University of Nottingham and a PhD in Law from the University of Essex] When the Council of Europe and Ukraine signed an agreement on 25 June 2025 establishing the Special...
[Ruby Rosselle ‘Ross’ Tugade is a Filipino lawyer and a doctoral researcher at the Faculty of Law & Justice, UNSW Sydney. She is admitted to the List of Assistants to Counsel in the ICC] In the days leading up to the confirmation of charges hearing of former Philippines President Rodrigo Duterte before the International Criminal Court (ICC), public speculation arose as...
[Luke Eda is a Senior Lecturer in Law at Bristol Law School, College of Business and Law, University of the West of England (UWE), Bristol, UK. He specialises in public international law and is a member of the American Society of International Law (ASIL)] Introduction In June 2024, African States celebrated the tenth anniversary of the 2014 Malabo Protocol in Addis Ababa....
[Iva Vukušić is an Assistant Professor in International History at Utrecht University and a Visiting Research Fellow at the Department of War Studies, King's College London] The likelihood of arrest of high-level leaders indicted by international courts is always a topic of discussion among those interested in accountability and justice for international crimes. However, since the 2023 International Criminal Court (ICC)...
For obvious reasons, I am not going to comment on the substance of the investigation or any of the recent media commentary on it. In this post, I simply want to address a narrow legal issue that is drawing attention on social media: what is the standard of proof that applies in disciplinary proceedings at the ICC? The answer is...