...practices, including the erosion of due process guarantees and the normalization of corporal punishment against women and children. The focus here, however, is on Article 9, which unambiguously establishes a stratified system of criminal punishment based on social status. The Regulation governs the imposition of taʿzir — that is, discretionary punishment, as opposed to ḥadd, which entails mandatory
sanctions. Article 15 provides that “for every offense for which no fixed ḥadd punishment is prescribed, taʿzir shall be imposed on the offender,” regardless of whether the offender “is free or enslaved,...