Search: crossing lines

...is a mens rea requirement. Finally, let me close by raising a question about the requirement of a link to a declaration or AUMF. Consider the post I put up last night discussing the complex array of forces currently engaging in armed attacks on Afghan and Allied forces in the Afghan-Pakistan theater. Some of those forces are within the scope of the 9/18/01 AUMF, but arguably some are not (e.g., Lashkar-e-Taiba). Insofar as we intend for a test along the lines of the Wilkinson criteria to operate in connection with...

...level of review in assessing admissibility challenges (particularly those raised by individual defendants), while setting at times an unreasonably high evidentiary threshold for challengers to satisfy. These procedural hurdles are, in my view, in tension with the policy goals of positive complementarity. I would prefer to see a more clearly articulated and consistent application of a deference principle – along the lines of that called for by Judge Ušacka in her dissents – that could permit a more policy-oriented jurisprudence to emerge without radically departing from the framing of admissibility...

...global order, international lawyers of all stripes will need to develop a greater awareness of the diverse frameworks and narratives through which international law events are understood and arguments are made around the world. The first step in building this understanding is for international lawyers to diversify their sources and networks in an effort to see the world from different perspectives and through other eyes. The motivation for taking this step can be founded in cosmopolitan idealism (thinking international law should be more inclusive) or hard-bitten realism (along the lines...

...allowed the OTP to open their 2016 investigation into Georgia (p10), a cost now incorporated into the 2017 budget; but at €7,000,000 (p169), the contingency fund is not designed to cover the costs of entire unplanned investigations. In closing, and to use the United Kingdom as but just one example, the opening and closing lines of their general debate address highlights the point that States more than ever are unwilling to back up their rhetoric with adequate financial support.continued support for, and commitment to the International Criminal Court’, only to...

The bloggers at Coming Anarchy have put together an informative series of posts about the shifting borders of states and empires. There’s a time-lapse animation of the expansion and contraction of Rome and Byzantium, a series of maps for each of Ethiopia, Poland, Armenia , Persia, and Russia. Also, there’s a series of comparative maps on state borders in modern Europe. Along similar lines (and in light of current events), I would also recommend Catholicgauze’s post on the ethnic geography of Kosovo. Since a picture is worth a thousand words,...

...often measured by how effective and efficient prosecution authorities are. Yet, much more attention should be placed on the judiciary along these same lines. How well judges, and most importantly, chamber staff perform is another critical component in measuring just how successful international criminal processes are.  Putting aside the substance of judgments (which often engenders heated debates, to say the least), it is commonplace for the timeliness and length of international criminal judgments to be subjected to withering complaints as well. It is not hyperbolic to state that the total...

...is strong and clear, as this judgement follows a bad experience in the case about the maritime delimitation with Peru (solved by the ICJ in 2014). Moreover, to face the further proceedings on the merits, Chile´s legal team has to change its strategy based in the 1904 Treaty, which was specifically excluded from the discussion by the Court. In this regard is worth asking what were the arguments of the parties? And does Bolivia really have a good case? In the following lines I will try to address these two...

...it is possible that surface scattered human remains (i.e. at the side of a road) may also constitute a mass grave, and reports point to the existence of such circumstances. How Are Mass Graves Protected? Protection of the site is paramount to preserve the integrity of remains, associated evidence and lines of enquiries. Protection measures ought to safeguard the human remains against contamination, desecration, robbery, scavengers and the movement/relocation of bodies to secondary sites, where a perpetrator is seeking to evade detection.  Image from Protocol Appendix 3. Assuming that access...

...within the current understanding of armed attack justifying self-defense, but as that threat begins to emerge more clearly, one can certainly anticipate that arguments will be made that it is close enough. To the extent that there is strong resistance to such efforts to relax the “armed attack” standard, scenarios such as explored here will tend to blur the lines between self-defense and such justifications as necessity and countermeasures. It is widely accepted that necessity cannot be invoked as a justification or defense for violating the prohibition on the use...

...roles over lower-ranking soldiers, illustrating the blurred lines of authority and the operational integration of PMSC staff into state-military frameworks (see here and here). In the words of the Bemba decision of the ICC Pre-Trial Chamber, superior responsibility ex article 28(a) may arise when the forces are structured like a conventional army (see para. 456). This convergence of functions and command dynamics has led scholars such as Kuwali (p. 109) and Frulli (pp. 454-466) to argue that PMSCs should be treated, for purposes of accountability, analogously to formal military units....

...states the operation of different non-national sources of law operating side by side: fundamental principles, customs, treaties, general principles, and party autonomy. It is clear that in the legal order between states, we acknowledge immanent or informal law formation along these lines even if treaties may often be preferred and the other sources have suffered here also because of 19th Century exalted sovereignty ideas. But treaties are there foremost to clarify, be more specific or remedy as indeed bilateral investment treaties (BITs) for the protection of foreign investment normally do....

...self-defense. The prospect that one State may assume a cyberattack falls below a use of force or armed attack threshold while the victim State perceives it as above those lines is not a happy one — it could lead to an unintended escalation of an incident into a larger armed conflict. Add to this the possibility that a victim State may respond by attacking an innocent third State (or non-State actor) because it holds the mistaken belief (on its own or via a successful false flag operation) that the innocent...