...AI systems were initially conceived for civilian or military purposes, creating regulatory gaps and enabling “forum shopping” to evade oversight. Simultaneously, commercial technologies are increasingly being used for military purposes; for
instance, in Russia’s aggression war, the SpaceX Starlink satellite constellation, typically providing internet broadband to civilians, was deployed to support Ukrainian military communications, and generative AI (GenAI) is used to assist decision making, cybersecurity and intelligence operations. Anthropic’s AI model, Claude, was reportedly used by the United States (US) during Maduro’s capture operation in Venezuela. Unlike previous disruptive technologies...