General

[Diya Daniel is a third-year law student at the West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences, Kolkata] Mainstream International Law and Homogenous Norms  International law today, called mainstream international law (“international law”), is theoretically based on cooperation and inclusion. The United Nations (“UN”) Charter, for example, contains references to state sovereignty and equality, which aims to put every state on equal footing....

[Garima Dhankhar holds an LL.M. in International Arbitration and Dispute Resolution from the National University of Singapore. She currently works with Justice Indu Malhotra, former Judge of the Supreme Court of India and a Member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration, assisting in international arbitrations.] The past few years have demonstrated, with increasing clarity, that geopolitical conflicts are no longer peripheral...

[Chiara Redaelli is research fellow at the University of Geneva, Faculty of Law, and IHL/ICL expert for IDLO, Kyiv office. She is also co-editor in chief of the Journal on the Use of Force in International Law and co-chair of the IHL Progressive Development Platform of Ukraine.  Antonio Bultrini is Associate Professor of International Law at the University of Florence, Visiting Professor at...

[Chiara Redaelli is research fellow at the University of Geneva, Faculty of Law, and IHL/ICL expert for IDLO, Kyiv office. She is also co-editor in chief of the Journal on the Use of Force in International Law and co-chair of the IHL Progressive Development Platform of Ukraine.  Antonio Bultrini is Associate Professor of International Law at the University of Florence, Visiting...

[Arko Sankar Karmakar is a third year law student from the West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences, Kolkat] Introduction Debates on the responsibility of international organisations have been mainly influenced by the ILC’s Articles on the Responsibility of International Organisations. ARIO has never been in an easy spot. The text is detailed and it is normatively weak and institutionally lacking. It  negative...

[Dr. Eray Acar is an independent researcher with a PhD in public law from Ankara University. He has worked as a researcher in Ankara University Law School and as a lecturer at Hitit University.] The Steering Committee for Human Rights of the Council of Europe (CDDH/Steering Committee) published an Outcome Document containing elements for a political declaration, which is expected to...

[Renée Ramona Robinson holds law degrees from Sciences Po, Queen Mary, and Harvard Law. She is a PhD researcher specializing in the paradoxes of international law at Paris I Panthéon-Sorbonne, as well as a creator and lecturer of law modules at Sciences Po Paris.] In March 2026, the United Nations General Assembly voted to recognize the transatlantic slave trade as the...

[Dr Julie Ada Tchoukou is an Assistant Professor at the University of Ottawa’s Faculty of Law and a licensed lawyer in Ontario. She was previously the Allan Rock Visiting Professor and a Shirley Greenberg Fellow in Women and the Legal Profession.] In February 2025, the African Union adopted the Convention on Ending Violence Against Women and Girls (CEVAWG), the first binding...

[Samay Jain is a legal researcher and scholar from Symbiosis Law School, Pune] On 7 January 2026, the Trump administration published a Presidential Memorandum directing the withdrawal of the United States from sixty-six international organisations simultaneously, comprising 31 UN entities and 35 non-UN bodies, spanning climate, labour, migration, peacebuilding, and the rule of law. The list included the UNFCCC, the International...

[Hakan Kaplankaya is a former Turkish diplomat, lawyer and instituDE member] On 16 December 2025, the European Court of Human Rights (“ECtHR” or “the Court”) found violations of Articles 7 and/or 6 § 1 of the Convention in respect of 2,420 applications in Yalçınkaya follow-up cases. The applicants are (perceived) members of the Gülen Group, which has been targeted by the...

[Himanil Raina is a final year PhD candidate and teaching assistant in the Department of International Law at the Geneva Graduate Institute (IHEID). He completed his B.A. LL.B (Hons) from the NALSAR University of Law and is also an Honorary Adjunct Fellow at the National Maritime Foundation.] In mid-February, the frigate IRIS Dena (75), the oiler IRIS Bushehr (422) and the...

[Konstantinos Deligiannis-Virvos is a PhD Research Fellow with the Norwegian Centre for the Law of the Sea (NCLOS) at the Law Faculty of UiT-The Arctic University of Norway] The illegal armed attack against Iran by Israel and the US on February 28, 2026 prompted Iran to “close” the strait of Hormuz to international navigation. The attack against Iran clearly contravenes Art....