Technology

[Natalie Hornos is a Program Manager at WITNESS with over 17 years of experience coordinating social impact, educommunicative, and investigative audiovisual projects across Brazil and Latin America. A specialist in community cinema, she holds a postgraduate degree in Anthropology and is currently a Master’s in Latin American Studies.] Introduction to Revide REVIDE – VIDEO SCHOOL FOR THE DEFENSE OF TERRITORIES - is...

[Clive Vella is Data Manager at Airwars, a not-for-profit transparency watchdog which tracks, assesses, archives and investigates civilian harm claims in conflict-affected nations.  Shoeb Abdullah is a digital rights activist and OSINT investigator based in Bangladesh. He is co-founder of the Bangladesh Protest Archive, an initiative dedicated to preserving, documenting and investigating gross human rights abuses around democratic protest.  Kartika Pratiwi is...

[Georgia Edwards leads Visual Investigations at WITNESS as a Training and Partnerships Manager.] Over the past decade, the rise in community-filmed evidence, OSI (open-source information) and visual investigations has brought methodologies and models that have profoundly reshaped human rights investigations, yet the most visible investigative labs, methodological standards and verification infrastructures are still embedded in Global North newsrooms, universities and NGOs....

[Netta Goussac is Associate Senior Researcher at the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) and Special Counsel at Lexbridge.] Editorial Note: This post forms the third of three posts of the Opinio Juris mini-symposium on the upcoming meeting of the Group of Governmental Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems within the auspices of the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons. A version...

[Michael John-Hopkins is a Senior Lecturer in Law at Oxford Brookes University. He is the author of The Rule of Law in Crisis and Conflict Grey Zones (Routledge, 2016) and a co-author of Malign Information Psychological Operations: Concepts, Law, and Strategy (Routledge, forthcoming 2027).] In July 2025, in Bradshaw and Others v United Kingdom, the European Court of Human Rights confronted a tension between...

[Ambassador Alexander Kmentt is an Austrian career diplomat, currently serving as Permanent Representative of Austria to the United Nations Office and to the Specialized Institutions in Geneva. He has worked extensively on disarmament and non-proliferation issues and is one of the architects of the initiative on the humanitarian impact of nuclear weapons and the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons...

[Hassan Khoder, LL.M., is a PhD candidate in Law at the University of Cologne in Germany specialising in autonomous cyber weapons and international humanitarian law. His working papers are available on SSRN.] The Vote That Has Not Been Adequately Analysed On 1 December 2025, the United Nations General Assembly adopted Resolution 80/57 on lethal autonomous weapons systems by 164 votes in favour...

[Rain Liivoja is a Professor at the University of Queensland Law School and a Director of the Asia-Pacific Institute for Law and Security.]Editorial Note: This post forms the first of three posts of the Opinio Juris mini-symposium on the upcoming meeting of the Group of Governmental Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems within the auspices of the Convention on Certain...

[Lara Manbeck is an Associate Legal Officer at the International Court of Justice. She holds a JD from Columbia Law School, an MPhil from the University of Cambridge, and a BA from New York University. Abhijeet Shrivastava is a public international lawyer and holds an LLM from the University of Cambridge and a BA, LLB (Hons) from OP Jindal Global University.] Introduction The...

[Kenaw Akililu is currently a MAS candidate in the Master of Advanced Studies in Transitional Justice, Human Rights and Rule of Law at the Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights, and a former law lecturer at Bahir Dar University] Introduction  Cyber operations and targeting of cyber infrastructure, including data centres, are increasingly employed during armed conflict and can cause...

[Amin Motamedi is an Arbitrator at the Iranian Chamber of Commerce (ACIC), a university lecturer, and holds a PhD in international law] Artificial intelligence (AI) has increasingly been employed in a wide range of professional contexts, including legal analysis and dispute resolution. Practitioners have relied on AI tools to address legal questions, conduct analytical assessments, and, in certain instances, assist in...

[Sarah Shoker is a Senior Non-Resident Fellow in artificial intelligence at U.C. Berkeley Risk and Security Lab and former Geopolitics Team Lead at OpenAI. Jessica Dorsey is an Assistant Professor of International Law at Utrecht University School of Law and Managing Editor of Opinio Juris.] What began as a quiet contract dispute between the U.S. Department of Defense and the AI...